Functional Groups

Halides:

Halides are the elements in group 17 of the periodic table, and the naming of them as side chains in a compound. To name halides, take the first syllable of the element, for example bromine, and add -o ending: bromo. Others that we use in chemistry class are Chlorine: Chloro, and Fluorine: Floro.

Alcohols:

If a carbon is connected to an OH (Hydroxyl), it is an alcohol. To name alcohols, you must circle the longest carbon chain containing the carbon connected to the hydroxyl, and appropriately label the chain with the proper prefix, ending with an -ol.

Ethers:

An ether is the oxygen atom that connects two carbon chains together. To name ethers, you must label each carbon chain as a side chain, with the right prefixes and ending -yl, then simply putting ether. For example, ethyl methyl ether.

Ketones:

A carbon chain with a carbon double-bonded oxygen is a ketone. To name ketones, you must cirlce the longest carbon chain and name with the right prefix, and ending with -one.

Functional

Alkenes and Alkynes

Alkenes are organic compounds with double-bonded carbons. For naming alkenes, same rules apply with Alkanes, except the ending is -ene.

Alkynes are organic compounds with a triple-bonded carbon. Same rules also apply and the ending is -yne.

Alkanes

Naming Alkanes is easy:

1. Circle the longest carbon chain
2. Name the chain with the appropriate prefix
3. -ane ending
4. Locate any side chains
5. Label side chains with appropriate prefixes
6. give side chains -yl ending

Intro to Organic Chemistry

It is the study of carbon atoms and its compounds. Carbon compounds outnumber all other compounds combined > carbon compounds can form many different bonds > bonds can have different arrangements > carbon can form long chains.

types of bonds:
> alkanes - single bonds
> alkenes - double bonds
> alkynes - triple bonds

There are 3 types of chemical formulas
1. molecular formular : C7H16
2. condensed structural formula: CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
3. structural formula:




-- Jael Lumba

Molecular Polarity and Intermolecular Bonds

Polarity is the result of intermolecular bonds. There are 3 kinds of intermolecular bonds: lond dispersion force (LDF), dipole-dipole, and hydrogen bond.

1. London Dispersion Force (LDF)
this bond is experienced by all molecules. in result of electrons pushing on each other. It is the weakest of all forces. **as the number of electrons increase, the LDF increases as well.

2. Dipole-dipole
It is the partial separation of charges. LDF is a type of temporary dipole-dipole. Molecules who undergo dipole force is polar. Polarity is determined by electron affinity (how much an atom wants an electron). Electronegatively is electron affinity.

>Polar have unequal distribution of charges distribution
>Non-polar molecules have equal charge distribution



3. Hydrogen Bonding
It is a special type of dipole-dipole bond and occurs between hydrogen and nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.

H - N , H - O , H - F



-- Jael Lumba

Solution Chemistry

A solution is a homogeneous mixture. Solvents are components present in larger amounts Solutes are componets present in smaller amounts. A solute is soluble in a solvent if it dissolves to form a homogenous mixture. A saturated solution contains as much solute as possible. An unsaturated solution can dissolve more solute. Solubility is the measure of how much solute can dissolve in a given solution (g/L, g/ml, mol/L, ppm)

Solubility is affected by heat, changing the solvent, and changing the solute.

To determine conductivity:

> if it is a metal, it is conductive, if not > if it is a solid, it is not conductive, if not > if it is an base.. > is it ionic, it is conductive, if not it isn't conductive.

-- Jael Lumba